CGRG Bibliography of Canadian Geomorphology
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Author : Cooper, A.J.
Date : 2004.
Title : Sand and gravel in southern Ontario, 1963-2003.
Publication : 49th Annual Meeting of the Geological Association and the Mineralogical Association of Canada. May 12-14, 2004. Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario.
Issue :
Page(s) :
Abstract
Substantial changes have taken place in the aggregates industry since Don Hewitt and Paul Karrow published their review of the Sand and Gravel in Southern Ontario in 1963. Forty years have seen the depletion of many of the smaller aggregate sources in and around Toronto, and the gradual decline of sources in the Oak Ridges Moraine. The concentration of production with medium to small sized producers in 1963 has been replaced by an industry dominated by three major cement producers and the disappearance of many small producers. Production from bedrock sources is increasing steadily, and has eclipsed natural sand and gravel as the major source of aggregate. Significant advances in machinery, automation, and testing procedures have resulted in generally higher quality products and the ability to achieve greater improvements during the production process. Transportation of aggregates remains largely by truck. Marine transportation on the Great Lakes is a small, but growing, aspect of the industry, and rail transport has essentially disappeared. A series of regulations such as the Environmental Protection Act, the Planning Act, the Aggregate Resources Act, the Niagara Escarpment Planning and Development Act, and the Oak Ridges Moraine Conservation Act, now regulate the aggregates industry in Ontario, and the ability to secure land, meet regulatory requirements, and secure licenses has become a major challenge for the industry.
Bibliography of Canadian Geomorphology